Myopia

Myopia is one of the most prevalent refractive errors worldwide, characterized by the inability to clearly see distant objects due to elongation of the eyeball or excessive refractive power. As global prevalence rises at an alarming rate, particularly among children and adolescents, myopia has become a central topic at every major Ophthalmology Conference. Beyond simple refractive correction, increasing attention is directed toward understanding the mechanisms of axial elongation and preventing long-term complications associated with progressive nearsightedness.

The pathophysiology of myopia involves complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as prolonged near work, limited outdoor exposure, and digital screen use. Excessive axial growth stretches retinal tissues, increasing the risk of retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, glaucoma, and choroidal neovascularization in high myopia cases. Early identification and intervention are therefore essential to reduce lifetime ocular morbidity.

Diagnosis extends beyond basic visual acuity measurement. Cycloplegic refraction, axial length measurement, corneal topography, and retinal examination provide comprehensive evaluation. Monitoring axial elongation trends in pediatric patients has become an important indicator of progression risk. Advances in imaging technology enhance the ability to detect subtle structural changes associated with pathological myopia.

Management strategies now emphasize myopia control rather than simple correction. Low-dose atropine therapy, orthokeratology, and specially designed soft contact lenses have demonstrated effectiveness in slowing axial elongation. Multifocal spectacle lenses and increased outdoor activity are also recommended preventive approaches. Individualized treatment planning considers age, progression rate, lifestyle, and risk factors.

Research into genetic markers, scleral remodeling pathways, and retinal signaling mechanisms continues to deepen understanding of myopia progression. Artificial intelligence–based predictive models are assisting clinicians in identifying high-risk patients earlier. Public health initiatives promoting outdoor exposure and awareness campaigns are critical in addressing the growing myopia epidemic.

Through interdisciplinary collaboration among ophthalmologists, optometrists, pediatric specialists, and vision scientists, innovative strategies are reshaping myopia management. The focus has shifted toward early intervention, prevention of high-risk complications, and long-term ocular health preservation.